General Studies I · Subtopic
Effects of geographical change
Official syllabus
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
UPSC CSE 2026 notification
What this covers
Follow the effects of physical and ecological change through ecosystems, resources, livelihoods, settlements and infrastructure, with attention to uneven exposure and adaptive capacity.
Key ideas
- Cascading effects
- Hazard and risk
- Ecosystem services
- Livelihoods and infrastructure
- Adaptation and risk reduction