General Studies I · Subtopic
Changes in flora and fauna
Official syllabus
Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features (including water-bodies and ice-caps) and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes.
UPSC CSE 2026 notification
What this covers
Distinguish changing species range, timing, abundance and community composition from other ecological pressures.
Key ideas
- Range and habitat
- Phenology
- Population abundance
- Community composition
- Fragmentation and disturbance